The Role of Political Parties in the Democratization Process of Iran (1906–1979)

Abstract

Political parties in Iran have long faced structural challenges. Focusing on the years 1906 to 1979, this study examines the role of parties in expanding political participation and institutionalizing democracy. Findings show that from the early Constitutional-era parties to state-sponsored parties during Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi’s reign, structural dependence on the state prevented the emergence of a stable party system. Weak partisan political culture, security repression, lack of free competition, and foreign interventions were major factors behind their failure to play a democratic role. This study concludes that democratization in Iran requires a fundamental reconsideration of party structures and functions.